more of Chapter 5

2nd part starting at page 163

Legal responsibility of the college press

The student publication can be sued for libel, right of privacy and contempt. The college is ultimately responsible for the paper. In most cases the student writer and editor cannot be held legally responsible.

Right to privacy is anything that is published that will cause shame, humiliation… basically intruding on people’s private business which the public has no legit concern for.

Everyone who handles the copy of something that is libelous is responsible for it and can be charged for it.

State legislators do not have direct effects on private institutions. Private institutions are only affected indirectly by certain laws that are passed.

Students cannot necessarily speak freely on issues in the state legislation. I am not sure I understand why….

According to the author, student papers also get a lot of protest if they print political or economic articles that go against the stance of the state legislators. Page 168

It is mentioned on page 170 about the likelihood of being removed for taking a stand on a controversial subject. It could happen, but more likely won’t stick?... I was kind of confused by the example used.

The author states that an organization can’t force a publication to refuse advertising. It is the editor in chief responsibility to ultimately decide what goes in the paper. The organization can disagree, write letters, or remove their ads but cannot force a paper to turn down other ads.
Journalists should never accept bribes or anything that would sway their portrayal of information to the public.

Alumni sometimes have control in the paper because they fund it or the paper is not claimed by the university.


Student Government Attempts to control the student press

Student governments attempt to control the press by withdrawing funds. There needs to be a clear explanation of how the paper is related to student government. Some think it is a student organization to be controlled by the senate, since the students fund it. Some (including me) think it should be regarded as a separate function with no outside rule page 178

When conflicts between student governments and newspapers cannot be resolved, some staffs choose to resign and start a new paper, or attempt to get student body support to protest.

I noticed that a lot of these examples are from the 50’s-60’s. I wish there were more recent ones.

Editors are not necessarily forced out after undesirable situations. Page 182 I know this one all too well.

The author makes it very clear that the student editor is not the publisher. I GET IT

The author makes a point that it is important to have a written policy.

The college has some control of an off campus paper because of their definitions of admission and student. Page 189
The author makes a perfect statement saying that the student government should be limited to representation on the publications board. 1 PERSON page 191


Page 190 the institution which wants its students to have the utmost freedom of expression can best do this by permitting the publication to be operated as a separate entity, independently financed and controlled by those who participate in its publication. (Although independently hopefully means not student government, but separate funding) with help from Faculty advisor for a controlled press that has an authority to help protect and teach the staff. Student editors should control the subject matter in the paper and day to day stuff. Faculty advisors should critique instruct and train students and represent the administration to the students and the students to the administration. And the publications board should deal with policy role of publications in the institution.

I think I am beginning to understand this much better. I wish I would have had all of this info last year. I feel more confident about my position.

Chapter 5 first part

Chapter 5 Censorship and Control of the College Press

Decisions on whether to go to print go up the chain of command: reporter, editors, the publisher, the owner.

Question: Since the college is technically the publisher, are you and I acting as the “publishers”? I ask because we don’t really ask the college before printing anything. It goes through me then you and that’s about it….

Student editors have said that in recent years there are at least 7 ways that freedom of the press has been abridged:

1. Confiscation of papers: The Triton saw that a little bit with the Emmanuel story, in fact they were confiscated and literally throw at our faces.
2. Suspension, threats, expulsion against editors because of material: ECOS threatened to pull our funding… does that count? J
3. Control by faculty or administrative censorship- well I didn’t like the process that went down after the Eastman story, but it isn’t censorship, so we are as you said, very lucky.
4. Censorship by student government-they can try but it won’t workJ
5. Censorship of articles and editorials on controversial matters.
6. Censorship by civil ecclesiastical bodies.
7. Social pressure to prevent publication of articles etc. The London Story has gotten some pressure from a few students.
Page 150

The limitations regarding freedom of expression and press in the college newspapers is in part due to the uncertainty of the aims and purposes of the publication. Page 151 I think this is a really good point. The other readings have been touching on what is the purpose of our paper. We are a lab, a PR arm, an official college publication. I think our Mission statement should be re-examined this next year so we can make sure that we understand it and make it available to students. Some view us as a tabloid. What do you think?

The author stresses that the need for diversity. Society needs to encourage diversity and freedom of expression, no matter if they are unpopular. Basically, if society encouraged and was open to all forms of thought, there would be no reason to censor the press because of a certain view or representation. It is when the college or society is not open to all forms of thought and expression that people will be resentful and attack. Page 153

The author also mentions prior rights. Liberty of the press is not an absolute. Page 154 it does not protect libel, misbranding, sedition etc.

The author also mentions that the needs of the students must be recognized. Students should be able to be free from repression and be free to express feelings. The student journalist should be able to report the facts and express opinion with out restraint. Page 155

This is a good quote: page 155 “Failure of the student to pursue a balanced course in action in expressing his views must be, when viewed in this light, a reflection on the institution itself- on the character of the teaching staff and the educational authority, on the weakness of instruction, or lack of it.” I agree with this. I don’t Eckerd does a lot of censoring; we get a lot of pressure, but no real direct “you can’t print that” mentality. Very lucky

On page 157 the author makes a good point in saying that if student editors, faculty moderators and administrators would think properly about freedom and authority in publications, we would all act more properly causing less conflict between the two.

I like the distinction that the author makes on page 157 about the difference between the action to of the censor who kills a story because it is poorly written, and the action of the censor who kills the story for reasons external to the writing.

The author mentions that the faculty moderator would be concerned about the nature of the writing, the quality, and the censor would be concerned about the effects after it is printed. You cannot have one without the other. I think that if you don’t think about the effects, you are not being a good writer.

The author also mentions that authority is established for the common good of the people. Constraint is for the sake of freedom. Page 158 Since we are students, there is a definite authority and it’s not us.

The Faculty Moderator can insure the relationship between student editors and administrators helping each understand the interests of the other. Page 160

The author also mentions that the paper is in most cases owned by the school. So the school is the publisher and the students are subordinate to the school. The obligations are horizontally to the students and vertically to their superiors. (which is not the student government!)


Freedom and Fullness

Student editors should have an obligation to their superiors and their superiors should be held accountable in terms of freedom for the students.

It is tough to have a partnership between the paper and the administration, but the relationship needs to be viewed as both on the same side. They are not enemies.
There will be tension, but that is ok because both groups will be insuring the others responsibilities. Tension can get out of control when either part is not doing their part. I think that I need to work on the whole “we are both on the same side” part. I just get really protective of the paper because I am working my bum off, you know and I am so proud of it that it is hard to take criticism or allow others to try and change it.

The author sums it up on page 162 “Students and administrators must see that dynamic, fruitful tension of freedom and authority that large-hearted love of one’s school which is not quick to set limits on the freedom of an editor to write, but which does not hesitate to correct or censor an editor when what he writes violates justice.” I am planning to work on this as much as I can in the next year.
more to come after dinner:)

Chapter 4 Freedom of the College Press

Chapter 4 Freedom of the College Press

What I learned and found interesting

The guarantees of freedom of the press apply to publishers not editors. If the paper is legally published or subsidized by its institution, the freedoms belong to the administration and the student editor does not have any inherent rights. Financial support determines who the actual publisher is.

The author suggests that the paper get a no-strings-attached grant from a non-profit organization to ensure its freedom from the university.

On page 119 the author mentions that the key to effective college papers relies on the relationship of the three major groups that make up the institution (the students, the administrative and service staff and the instructional faculty)
On page 121 the author mentions that the students on the paper should always feel free to publish the news as they see fit to write it.

Freedom of the press means that editors must have the courage to write the truth as accurately an as honorably as humanly possible. Page 121 I like this one

On page 122 the author talks about how the paper should use their freedom even if it risks having them make mistakes. It’s a growing experience. Then the paper will have a chance to correct itself if a mistake is made, rather than punishing them.

Authorities should be careful to not be a part of the correctional functions when the paper has made mistakes.

The editor, as a good citizen of their community, has the obligation to print what she believes to be important to the college audience. Page 123

College editors grow to be more responsible and more knowledgeable in an atmosphere of press freedom.

Question: What exactly is the policy between the administration and the paper? Is there a written document that says that the administration won’t interfere, or is it just something they try to do?

The points listed on page 126-128 are things that I can incorporate in the handbook if they apply to us. What do you think? We really need a clear cut mission statement, admin expectations and faculty expectations, you know?

The author also says the paper should select the staff, and punishments for punishable offenses. I agree. Page 131

On 133 the author says that there should be a claim on the masthead that says that the views expressed are not necessarily those of the faculty, administration etc. Isn’t that a given? Do we need to have that somewhere? Minus at the end of editorials etc.

Interesting note: The author is adamant about having the paper not be a “lab paper” and not for class credit.

He also says that ownership of the paper should be the student body, not the student government.

There are a few safeguards that the paper should have: page 137
a faculty advisor (yay Danita)
the selection of staff ( yay me and you)
Code of ethics for the paper to follow ( I am working on it)


Page 138 the author says that the newspaper operated at the behest of the administration and that its rights are defined and limited by whoever administers educational policy. Independent papers are sustained by administrative respect for the traditions and educational values they represent. Student newspapers provide forums for debate and discussion, not just by the editors.

On page 140 the author says that the students who decide to edit or publish a newspaper should assume a responsibility to use their freedom that is a privilege. By assuming responsibility the editors are held accountable for upholding and using their freedoms.

On page 142 the author states:
… Freedom of the press is the result of the interaction of the unchanging instinctive and economic forces with the local conventions of morality and religion, the local laws, prejudices, and ideals. The degree of permanence of these conventions, religious myths, and ideals is proportional to their social utility in the given circumstances of time and place.

On page 143 the author makes a good point that regular commercial papers are not controlled by a council.

Chapter 3 the Administrator and the college press

The Administrator and the College Press

Chapter 3 What I Learned, or found interesting

Page 98 a responsible undergraduate press can be the conscience of the college community. Censorship destroys the fundamental tool of the democratic educational process: freedom of discussion and debate.

Editors have the privilege of saying what goes and what doesn’t in a newspaper, keeping in mind the right for others to criticize the paper.

Faculty participation: We would LOVE faculty to come in and offer help in a non-censoring way. *The Journalism Prof. offered to come in next year for a read through. I would like to have him come in Sat. afternoon after 2nd deadline if he can, he volunteered so we should use him! :) *

The author also mentioned that his staff would meet with the President every week. I don’t think its necessary, but what do you think about a monthly meeting with him, after the Board has been formed, for feedback etc.???

Also, what do think about having our PR person meet with the Eckerd PR person for ideas, tips and contacts so that position can have more power next year. It’s more than just Triton coffee mugs, white boards and thank you lunches you know?

On page 101 the author mentions that his Board has many Student Government people on it. I agree with our set up. FYI

On 102 the author mentions that the paper must be accountable to their readers- and that doesn’t mean accountability solely or even largely to the admin.

Good point * page 102* If the paper was well written and carefully edited, most of the public relations problems they create would be avoided.* But we aren’t just the PR arm.

The author also says that it is unwise for the paper to only print what is favorable to the college; it should print all news, good or bad.

The student reader has the right to reject inaccurate reporting, not pay for it or not read it. (Ours is free on campus anyway)

The author mentions that the student body should be able to replace editors when they fail. I disagree. It should be up to the Editor in Chief, or if the problem is the Chief, up to the whole staff. What do you think?

Also, “taste” is an individual opinion. What is ok for an editor might be totally distasteful to a college administrator.

The author says that the underlying purpose of Freedom of the press not only protects publishers, but safeguards the right to read whatever they choose.


This is a good argument: On page 106 if we are truly a Christian liberal arts college, then it seems to me that we are bound by both theological and educational beliefs not only to permit fee exchange of facts ideas and opinions but to promote such freedom at every turn.

Page 107-108
Five things that the people should expect from the paper:

Honest, accurate reporting of news
close attention to issues that affect lives of community
carefully considered well-supported editorial comment
imaginative interesting presentation of material
concern for the well being of the college community (I think this could be misinterpreted)

5 things that writers/editors should expect from readers/community:

Free and invited access to information
Receptivity to what is communicated
Belief in the principles of full exchange of information
Desire to be well informed
Honest appraisal of communication efforts
I think something like this should be included in our handbook

The author poses some questions on page 108 that I find very interesting:
How well do our media reflect the basic beliefs of the college? Meaning what exactly? “The right climate for learning?” Are we supposed to be reflecting the basic beliefs of the school?


On page 110 the author says that the freedom-desiring student journalist should also consider the important idea of ownership. The students are not free to print whatever they want. There is always the “censorship” or “direction” by the owner or publisher. The student is not the publisher and is responsible to “someone else”. In Eckerd’s case, it is the college? Because it allows us to print and finances at least in part the space, etc.? Question: The money we get currently is from the student activity fee. Are we still responsible to the college or to the students…?

On page 111, the author says that the paper can’t publish anything that discredits the school or will harm the institution because we are a product of the institution. This is interesting. I feel that if we have information about the school that is discrediting, but well written and has enough sources to be thorough, we should print it. Is this right?

Chapter 4 to come soon

Still no word back from Patrick Henry. Good news, I got 4 responses from my emails to students. I am waiting on one or two more. I want to have opinions from students who went to London Fall of 04-Spring of 06. That way we can look at the progression from the last 2 years. I will post a draft soon :) Almost completely caught up... :)

page 1-45 freedom and censorship of the college press

Preface/ chapter 1 Freedom and Censorship of the College Press

Newspapers face pressure from the administration and many other high sources. They talk of what is “in good taste” and “in the best interest” of the school.


The function of the paper needs to be determined in order to be able to put controls on it.

College newspapers often try to apply those standards, rules and principles applicable to a “normal” community, to a community which in fact is not normal i.e. College newspapers page 2

One of the functions is that of the Governmental watchdog.

The newspaper represents a viewpoint. Who does it represent? The student? The administration? Does it depend on where the money comes from? No.

The college community differs from a normal community because the student body is transitory in a college community, and culturally, the college community is richer and more sophisticated than the normal community page 5

The Commission on the Freedom of the Press requires:
A thorough account of the days events in an intelligent factual manner
A place for the exchange of comment and criticism
The presentation and clarification of the goal and values of society
The projection of a representative picture of a constituent groups in society
Full access to the day’s intelligence (limited in college community)

Hopkins list of concepts for newspaper

Administration view the paper as a official publication
The faculty views the paper as a medium of publicity
The student organization views it as house organ of the student government
Journalism students view it as their own
The journalism professor views it as a lab for training students

Journalism student opinion usually questions administration control and student government control and by inference almost always assigns a normal press function.
Page 8

Five functions of paper:
Official publication
Publicity medium for the faculty
Publicity medium for the student government
Journal of opinion for the student editors
A journalism training laboratory

Layout is important. Which stories go where and what is the process in deciding?

What is a College newspaper page 14.

The objectives of the college newspaper are to help the students and the College understand each other, encourage cooperation between faculty and student body, promote a better understanding of journalistic practices and ethics. The paper is the servant of the college. The principles should be guided by the fact that all of the information must serve the best interests of the college.

Question: What about the Emmanuel story? It wasn’t I the best interest of the faculty, the administration or “potential donors” but in the interest of students to know about it. How do we justify this as in the best interests of the whole community?

This is interesting… page 16 the paper should limit its criticisms to academic matters and not meddle in matters of the administration with out permission of the parties concerned. WHAT IS UP WITH THIS? If the administration is being shady we won’t ask to print it but we will ask their comments on it.

The student paper should not only be concerned with student interests alone, but of those of faculty and community.

On page 17 the writer mentions that the paper should not be a crusading institution that must work for the betterment of mankind and engender new thoughts…. Why not? I don’t like how the author keeps mentioning the paper as needing to have SCHOOL SPIRIT and PR leg for the college. We don’t need school spirit.

No propaganda in the paper.

The author states that censorship can be used when a writer opposes the college. I agree with the side note…. Pig shit.


I disagree with what is said on page 21 where the author states that it is a waste of space to include world news in the paper because professional are better than amateurs.

Question: Why wouldn’t we include world news that is important to our community and age group?

To make a college an educational instrument the university must pledge:
No censorship of the news or editorial columns
The employment of a competent educator-journalist as advisor to the news staff
Adequate financing in the form of subsidies.
I think that our administration and student government should sign one of these to ensure that the student government or admin. Can’t try to stop us.

On page 23, the primary reason most student newspapers are so bad is that that administration on the great majority of campuses oppose a free student press.

Some colleges want papers to print only the good news, making the school look better. The paper prints news whether or not it’s good or bad. It’s our job as journalists. It’s our job to go beyond the facts, get a whole story, ask questions and search for answers.

** Page 28 the administration must finance the paper!** the subsidy should be with out strings and generous. The financial burden should not be passed on to the students by way of high activity fees.

The system for selecting editors should be from the newspaper staff, the media board or can nominate themselves with references.

Approaches to Lab newspapers: page 32

They must:
Acquaint students with current problems, trends, and personalities of mass media
Introduce students to leaders in a professional situation
Develop sense of sophistication about mass media
Provide first hand training in newsgathering writing and display materials.
Build confidence in student to handle problem in a professional way.
Realize by products like training for a job, education, professional performance etc.

Lab publications can have influence on 1) journalism education, in advancing the professional standards of our work, and 2) on the journalism profession, in advancing its standards as well. Page 33

There are different approaches to the Lab publications. Some use the modified segregated approach where the author states, “ a student press must be free to make mistakes because it is the best way to achieve maturity and promotes freedom in thought.

The Integrated approach is having a paper published at a school with professional journalism program, daily newspapers that have close ties to professional work in field of journalism.

The Daily Iowan has a lot of MONEY and a lot of participation.

The Modified Integrated Approach

A faculty advisor serves as newspaper advisor and teaches a news-editorial sequence. Page 44

A class of sorts is used to help coverage and education of journalistic ways. The success depends on the cooperation between the advisor and student editors, who usually aren’t involved in the lab course. Page 45


Question: Is the paper going to require the 07-08 staff to take part in the class? I would like to see more help from the journalism class and from the travel writing, feature writing classes so we can have a bigger base of writers. It only seems right to have the journalism classes take part in the paper.

Info on my stories:

I have sent out 10 or so emails to students who have gone to London over the past 3 years asking them about their experience, relationship with professor, if its easier to get away with things while abroad, if they felt safe and if it was worth it. No replies yet.

I have Diane's info and emailed prof. Henry AGAIN and asked him questions and still haven't heard back. I am going to try to call him after I post this.

I also emailed and called President Eastman and haven't heard back about the 25 mil gift. I have the info from the intranet post and thats about it. I am tryign to track down the donors phone number to interview him on the phone. Hopefully i will have one of these done by today.... I am really trying. I am really fired up about the whole ECOS cutting our funds thing and want to print a BIG STORY about freedom of the press so Eckerd can see what we mean when we tell them they can't control us! What do you think?

I hope to have a first draft story to you tonight. I hope SOMEone emails me back or calls me back.

Chapt 3 and 4

Chapter 3

The courts and Student publications in Public institutions

Things I have learned: Administrator and faculty members in public colleges often try to control the press.

Brooklyn College newspaper was revoked because they didn’t print double editorials (DUMB)
E. Carolina University suspended the editor for writing a biased coverage to student government campaign. (just poor journalism, but he shouldn’t be suspended)

Daily Illini students had a sudden requirement to make certain grades and sign pledges. (eek, we should never do that.)

Court cases of freedom of press were few until the Vietnam War when newspapers came out opposing the war. The courts told administrators and officials that they could not censor, restrain or control content for student publications. Colleges could only partially control the “time, place, and manner of distribution which posed a serious threat to the discipline, operation or safety of the college or its personnel” page 58

Case after case in this chapter shows that state universities are part of the state therefore their publications, radio etc are protected under the First amendment and cannot be censored by the administration, or any agent of the state.

The first amendment protects the free expression of the staff member s of the student publication at a public college as long as it does not conflict with education. “a university cannot withdraw fin. aid of the university from a campus student newspaper because the newspaper editorializes in favor of something unorthodox ex. Racial segregation.

Question: The Triton is getting less money next year. I think it is because we printed things ECOS doesn’t like. Is this a violation of our rights? I know this Chapter is about public schools, but still. WHAT IS UP WITH THAT!

Campus newspapers have the right to print paid political advertisement materials in the paper and can criticize officials in editorials. The university cannot support the paper, then restrict what is published even if only the material is submitted to a board to see whether is complies with freedom of the press. Student newspapers do not speck for their readers and do not expect readers to change their minds based on what is printed. (THIS IS A GOOD NE) ** The newspaper is not required to publish the views of all students**page 38

Oh man this is a good one! Can you say ECOS budget committee??!!!! The university can not decrease the distribution by the student organization when “readership had dropped”. The first amendment protects writing the articles all the way through reading the finished product. DANITA! ECOS dropped out budget by 3 thousand dollars and “recommended” in my appeal with them that we print less papers because NO one reads them. Can we write an article about this? Are we protected in a private school????? Please say yes. I’ll write it!

On page 41 can we include some kind of agreement like that with my addition of media ethics???

Faculty advisor comments and editorials are protected by the First amendment.

School newspapers meet the general definitions of being a newspaper since they are
printed
distributed at stated intervals
convey news
advocate opinions
usually contain advertisements and other matters of public interest



Chapter 4
The Courts and Student publications in Private Colleges

Things I have learned:
The right of freedom of the press has not been established in the rulings of the court. (WHY NOT)

The First amendment does not approve repression of that freedom by private interests.

On basis of John Marshall’s description of American higher education as being private and elite in nature, the courts refrained from exercising jurisdiction on campuses from 1819to the 1960s. Few cases involving student presses on private college campuses have come up, so there is no specific attitude toward them.

In a case at DePaul University, the dean confiscated 7000 copies of a paper that had a rape story in it and the editor was expelled, but reinstated later. (Violation of freedom of the press)

In order to be a private institution and not part of the ‘state’ the private colleges must have more than just a state receipt of receiving funds.

THIS IS INTERSTING! The NY Supreme court ruled that Ithaca College did not have the status of private institution because of its role in the community and society. Question: What about Eckerd?

Because there have been few cases that are brought to the courts regarding the private college presses, we can only speculate as to the rights we have and hope that Eckerd tries to hold our freedom of the press at a high level.

Chapt 1 and 2 MORE TO COME

General Overview

Chapter 1
Important facts I learned from Chapter one:

The Constitution created a law that guarantees free speech that can’t be taken away by any branch of the government. It went into effect Dec. 15, 1791. The repression of the press started during the times of slavery, when people were attempting to silence the abolitionist press. The First Amendment protects expression but not action conduct or behavior unless it is a symbolic method of expression. The way a person dresses, their body language and grooming styles can be protected under the First Amendment. The right of free press is guaranteed to individuals. A corporation acts as an individual and receives the same rights as one person. They do not have special rights because they are a corporation.

The courts have ruled that the following may or may not be covered by the First Amendment. They are on a case to case basis: Commercial advertising, the way journalists acquire their information, defamation, fighting words and actions or conduct alone. These certain things have state or federal laws that regulated them at different levels.

The First Amendment protects the expressions and opinions that are controversial, unconventional, against the majority, unpopular ideas, conflict with the government’s policies, or indecent ideas. Criticism of government officials is protected. All of these pertain to college campuses along with political cartoons, satire, and letters from faculty advisor, articles that do not reflect the ideal of the school, etc. Some forms of advertising are protected such as abortion ads, medical services, but the editor has the right to not print anything under the First Amendment, as well.

Question: There is a rule on the Eckerd campus that doesn’t allow any students to put up signs posters etc on the house bulletin boards or community bulletin boards unless they have permission from the administration. Is this a violation of the First amendment??

Question: at my old PUBLIC high school there were rules against certain kinds of clothes. Students could not wear chains, spikes, and weren’t “clean enough” There was no specific dress code, but they sent kids home for having those “problems” Is this a violation of the First amendment?







Chapter 2

Constitutional guarantees of the Free Press

Things I learned:

The First Amendment lists 6 rights that cannot be infringed upon:

freedom from state religion
freedom of religion
freedom of speech
freedom of the press
freedom of assembly
freedom to petition
The Supreme Court ruled that expressions can lose their protection under the First amendment IF it is “libelous, obscene, or significantly detrimental to national security” (page 14)

The Supreme Court also ruled “state power to abridge expressions was limited and was to be used only when there was a reasonable fear of danger.” (page 14) The clear and present danger doctrine allows the court to hold a journalist in contempt if the article or editorial poses a clear and present danger to the fairness of the trial.

The Supreme Court said that the government cannot stop the free flow of ideas. The freedom to publish is guaranteed but not the freedom to keep others from publishing. Freedom of the press from governmental interference does not approve the freedom by private interests. The question then is should it be applied to officials at private colleges? (YES, YES, YES, they shouldn’t be able to censor, we should be protected by the First amendment)

As mentioned in chapter 1, the freedom of the press does not have to agree with governmental policy or opinions that are shared by the majority. The “press” is that of newspapers, books, magazines, leaflets, and circulars, pamphlets, radio, TV, and every sort of publication. Motion pictures are also protected. Freedom of the press includes that right to receive and read information and opinions. Each adult has the right to read what he chooses, at least at his home.

Freedom of the press covers writing, distribution, printing, publishing and reading.

REALLY COOL QUOTE ON page 24 “the American Press has never been more free, never been more uninhibited, and -most important- never been better protected by law” Floyd Abrams.

I wish private institutions were more educated on this matterMORE TO COME IN A FEW